{"id":26767,"date":"2025-11-25T08:50:03","date_gmt":"2025-11-25T07:50:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/?post_type=noticias&#038;p=26767"},"modified":"2026-09-08T18:36:39","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T16:36:39","slug":"fusion2grid-the-most-compact-path-to-fusion-energy-manuel-garcia-munoz","status":"publish","type":"noticias","link":"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/en\/news\/fusion2grid-the-most-compact-path-to-fusion-energy-manuel-garcia-munoz\/","title":{"rendered":"Fusion2Grid: The Most Compact Path to Fusion Energy | Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>This article has been translated using artificial intelligence<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/en\/ftf-informes\/fusion-forward\/#report-section-00\"><strong>Fusion energy<\/strong><\/a><strong> has long promised an energy revolution<\/strong> -a clean, safe, and virtually limitless power source that could replace fossil fuels without emissions or long-lived waste. Yet, its commercial arrival has always seemed decades away.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/en\/our-initiatives\/ftf-2\/\"><strong>Future Trends Forum<\/strong><\/a> in Madrid, hosted by Fundaci\u00f3n Innovaci\u00f3n Bankinter, more than 20 international experts gathered to explore how to accelerate that future. The outcome is the report <em>\u201c<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Informe-FTF-Fusion_Ingles_V1.pdf\">Fusion Energy: a Revolution in Progress<\/a><em>\u201d<\/em>, which outlines five key pillars to scale and fast-track fusion as a climate, economic, and tech driver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As part of our mission to bring innovation\u2014and in this case, fusion energy\u2014closer to society, we continue the <strong>Fusion Forward<\/strong> series. After <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/en\/experts\/carlos-alejandre\/\"><strong>Carlos Alejandre<\/strong><\/a>\u2019s roadmap for Europe\u2019s fusion industry and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/en\/experts\/gianfranco-federici\/\"><strong>Gianfranco Federici<\/strong><\/a>\u2019s deep dive into the key technological challenges, we now highlight a bold, concrete proposal that could speed up fusion\u2019s arrival.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At the Forum, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/en\/experts\/manuel-garcia-munoz\/\"><strong>Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz<\/strong><\/a>, professor at the University of Seville and director of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psft.eu\/\">Plasma Science and Fusion Technology<\/a> lab, presented a disruptive approach: a compact, efficient, and pragmatic path to fusion energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While global megaprojects aim for 2050, Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz argues that\u2014by advancing key technologies in parallel\u2014fusion could be connected to the grid <strong>within the next decade<\/strong>. His proposal, developed entirely in Spain, offers strong industrial potential and is already being tested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Relying on well-established technologies and a highly pragmatic design, Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz\u2019s strategy envisions <strong>smaller, faster, and more affordable fusion reactors<\/strong>. His message is clear: there\u2019s another way to get there\u2014<strong>more agile, more compact, and closer to industrial reality<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you&#8217;d like to watch Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz\u2019s talk, you can do so here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz: &quot;The High Field Spherical Tokamak Path&quot; #FusionForward\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dyPGngIEvh4?list=PLc4Hn5L33E75v6udmLSwSenbdRDGIIWLm\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz: &#8220;The High Field Spherical Tokamak Path&#8221; #FusionForward<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Fusion2Grid: Spain\u2019s Bet on Practical, Grid-Connected Fusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a landscape long dominated by massive international efforts like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iter.org\/\"><strong>ITER<\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iter.org\/\"><strong>DEMO<\/strong><\/a> -projects defined by their monumental scale and timelines stretching over decades- <strong>Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz\u2019s proposal stands out for its conceptual simplicity and pragmatic ambition<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1070993\"><strong>Fusion2Grid<\/strong><\/a> is not meant to replace these flagship projects but to <strong>complement them<\/strong>: a parallel track aimed at building an operational fusion plant <strong>within the next decade<\/strong>\u2014compact in size, cost-effective, and technically feasible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The strategy builds on <strong>three proven technologies<\/strong>, each validated independently by the scientific community, but never combined in this way before:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Spherical <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/bulletin\/magnetic-fusion-confinement-with-tokamaks-and-stellarators\"><strong>tokamaks<\/strong><\/a>, which allow for greater efficiency in a smaller volume.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/tokamakenergy.com\/our-fusion-energy-and-hts-technology\/hts-business\"><strong>High-temperature superconductors (HTS)<\/strong><\/a>, essential to reduce costs and boost magnetic field strength in tighter spaces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Negative triangularity<\/strong>, a novel plasma geometry that enhances performance and extends reactor lifespan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These core concepts are explored in detail in the following sections.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Fusion2Grid is <strong>more than a theoretical proposal<\/strong>. It anchors a research strategy developed at the <strong>Plasma Science and Fusion Technology Lab at the University of Seville<\/strong>, and has already attracted interest from international institutions and research centers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The core idea: deliver fusion energy directly to the grid with a design <strong>20 times smaller than ITER<\/strong>, but with meaningful power output and clear potential for industrial scale-up.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cWe\u2019re not saying fusion is easy. But we are saying there\u2019s another viable path\u2014if we tackle design, materials, and cooling challenges as one integrated system,\u201d<\/em> Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz explained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fusion2Grid is designed to be a <strong>fast, non-speculative route to fusion<\/strong>. It starts from engineering, not just physics\u2014and focuses on making fusion <strong>a useful, grid-ready technology within a realistic timeframe<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Spherical Tokamaks: Compact Design, High Power<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A cornerstone of the Fusion2Grid strategy is the use of <strong>spherical tokamaks<\/strong>\u2014a variant of the traditional design that offers major advantages in the pursuit of more compact and efficient fusion reactors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While conventional tokamaks\u2014such as ITER\u2014use large toroidal geometries with high construction and operational costs, the spherical tokamak <strong>drastically reduces the required volume<\/strong>. According to Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz\u2019s calculations, at equal magnetic field strength, a spherical tokamak could be <strong>up to 20 times smaller than ITER<\/strong>, with direct implications for cost and construction time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>More Pressure in Less Space<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key appeal of spherical tokamaks is their ability to sustain <strong>up to 40% higher plasma pressure<\/strong> than conventional designs. This higher pressure translates into better energy output in smaller devices\u2014a crucial factor for scaling down fusion infrastructure without compromising performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cIn terms of stability, the spherical tokamak is more robust than a conventional tokamak. That difference is baked into the plasma physics equations,\u201d<\/em> says Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Advantages Over Conventional Designs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Traditional tokamaks do offer one key advantage: <strong>large surface areas<\/strong> for distributing the escaping plasma heat. However, they come with two major drawbacks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Extremely high capital investment<\/strong>, due to their size and system complexity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Long construction timelines<\/strong>, which clash with the urgency of the energy transition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In contrast, spherical tokamaks offer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Compactness<\/strong>, reducing volume and cost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Efficiency<\/strong>, making better use of the magnetic field and sustaining higher plasma pressure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Challenges to Overcome<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, downsizing introduces significant technical challenges. Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz highlights two critical limitations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Power exhaust management<\/strong>: In spherical tokamaks, the power density at the points where plasma strikes the walls is much higher. This puts extreme pressure on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iter.org\/machine\/divertor\"><strong>divertor<\/strong><\/a>\u2014the part of the reactor that absorbs heat and particles.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Limited space in the central stack<\/strong>: This core region must house the central solenoid, neutron shielding, and tritium breeding systems (which surround the plasma and generate fresh tritium from lithium). In a spherical design, this space is tighter, making integration a <strong>major engineering challenge<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A Promising but Demanding Path<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite these difficulties, the <strong>Fusion2Grid strategy makes a strong case<\/strong>: spherical tokamaks offer a promising path toward more economically and temporally viable fusion plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The challenge is to <strong>pair compactness with innovation<\/strong>, pushing the engineering envelope. This is where <strong>high-temperature superconductors (HTS)<\/strong> and <strong>negative triangularity<\/strong> come into play\u2014two concepts Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz sees as potential game changers in the next phase of fusion development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Negative Triangularity: A Potential Game Changer for Fusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While <strong>spherical tokamaks<\/strong> offer a promising route to more compact and efficient fusion reactors, they also introduce engineering challenges that can\u2019t be ignored\u2014namely, <strong>extreme heat concentration in the divertor<\/strong> and <strong>limited space in the central stack<\/strong>. For Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz, the key to overcoming these issues may lie in an unconventional but increasingly promising approach: <strong>negative triangularity<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What is Negative Triangularity?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a tokamak, the cross-section of the plasma can take on different shapes. Traditionally, designs use <strong>positive triangularity<\/strong>, where the plasma elongates outward, toward the edge of the torus. <strong>Negative triangularity<\/strong> flips that shape inward\u2014creating a reversed, concave profile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Though first explored in the 1980s, the concept was set aside for decades. But recent experiments at facilities like <a href=\"https:\/\/d3dfusion.org\/\"><strong>DIII-D<\/strong><\/a><strong> (USA)<\/strong> and <a href=\"https:\/\/ccfe.ukaea.uk\/programmes\/joint-european-torus\/\"><strong>JET<\/strong><\/a><strong> (UK)<\/strong> have reignited interest, showing clear improvements in plasma performance and heat distribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Advantages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz highlights several <strong>critical benefits<\/strong> of negative triangularity\u2014especially for compact, spherical designs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Improved plasma stability<\/strong>: Fluctuations are reduced, enhancing core performance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>ELM-free operation<\/strong>: It eliminates <em>Edge Localized Modes<\/em>\u2014instabilities that damage reactor walls.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Better heat management<\/strong>: The <em>divertor wetted area<\/em> increases, spreading thermal loads more evenly\u2014mitigating one of the biggest bottlenecks in compact tokamaks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Extended reactor lifespan<\/strong>: With less plasma-wall interaction, material erosion is minimized, increasing operational longevity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cNegative triangularity could truly be a game changer for spherical tokamaks,\u201d<\/em> Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz says. <em>\u201cIt allows us to better manage thermal loads and unlock new design possibilities that were previously out of reach.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">SMART: Sevilla\u2019s Testbed for Compact Fusion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Fusion2Grid<\/strong> strategy is not limited to simulations or conceptual designs. At the <strong>Plasma Science and Fusion Technology Lab<\/strong> at the University of Seville, <strong>Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz and his team have already launched a pioneering device in Europe<\/strong>: the <strong>SMART<\/strong> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.world-nuclear-news.org\/articles\/first-plasma-generated-in-smart-tokamak\">SMART (SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak)<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>SMART was created with a clear mission<\/strong>: to validate, under real-world conditions, the technologies that will power the compact Fusion2Grid reactor. Specifically:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Negative triangularity<\/strong> as a stable, high-performance plasma configuration.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils<\/strong>, which enable stronger magnetic fields in tighter spaces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Integration of a high-field spherical tokamak<\/strong>, designed to reach fusion-relevant temperatures in a much smaller device.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A Validation Lab<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SMART has already achieved plasmas with <strong>negative triangularity<\/strong>, directly comparing their behavior to positive triangularity configurations. The results are clear:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lower fluctuation levels<\/strong> in the plasma core.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Wider heat distribution<\/strong> in the divertor, lowering the risk of material damage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz emphasizes, <strong>this experimental evidence is essential<\/strong> to move from theory to practice\u2014and to prove that compact designs are not only viable, but also scalable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>A Future-Ready Design<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SMART is also designed as a test platform for <strong>HTS coils<\/strong>, allowing researchers to trial superconducting technologies in a real tokamak environment. This is a critical step to ensure that materials and configurations meet the demanding stability and reliability standards of a commercial reactor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cSMART is a proof of concept on the path to a compact reactor,\u201d<\/em> Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz explains. <em>\u201cIt\u2019s not the end goal\u2014it\u2019s the tool to validate that this technology stack is the future of fusion.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Putting Spain on the Fusion Map<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With SMART, <strong>Seville becomes a key node in the global fusion community<\/strong>. Beyond its scientific contributions, the lab positions Spain at the forefront of a strategic sector\u2014opening industrial opportunities and strengthening the country\u2019s role in reshaping the future energy system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Looking Ahead: Fusion as a Reality Within the Next Decade<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz\u2019s intervention at the Future Trends Forum \u2013 Fusion Forward leaves one message loud and clear<\/strong>: fusion energy doesn\u2019t have to remain a promise for the mid-century. If we combine <strong>proven technologies<\/strong>\u2014spherical tokamaks, high-temperature superconductors, and negative triangularity\u2014and <strong>develop them in parallel<\/strong>, fusion could be connected to the grid in <strong>less than ten years<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With the <strong>SMART Tokamak<\/strong> already operating in Seville as a proof of concept, <strong>Spain is positioning itself as a bold and innovative player<\/strong> in the global fusion landscape\u2014offering homegrown solutions with real potential. This contribution brings not only scientific prestige, but also opens <strong>strategic industrial opportunities<\/strong> in a sector poised to redefine the energy future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u201cI\u2019m optimistic,\u201d<\/em> Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz concludes. <em>\u201cIf we push these key technologies forward in parallel, fusion doesn\u2019t have to be a dream for 2050\u2014it can become a reality within the next decade.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This article is part of our broader analysis from the <strong>Future Trends Forum<\/strong>. The full report, <em>\u201cFusion Energy: A Revolution in Progress\u201d<\/em>, brings together insights from <strong>over 20 international experts<\/strong> and defines the <strong>five critical pillars<\/strong> to scale fusion as a driver of climate, economic, and technological transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/en\/ftf-informes\/fusion-forward\/#report-section-03\"><strong>Download the full report<\/strong><\/a> and explore how we can start building tomorrow\u2019s energy system\u2014today.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Spherical tokamaks, HTS superconductors, and negative triangularity: Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz\u2019s Fusion2Grid strategy aims to accelerate the fusion energy race\u2014starting in Spain<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":26777,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_oaas_summary":"This article reports on the Fusion Forward session at the Future Trends Forum in Madrid, where Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz of the University of Seville presented Fusion2Grid: a pragmatic, compact route to grid-connected fusion within a decade. Rather than replacing large megaprojects like ITER, Fusion2Grid proposes a parallel, engineering-led track that combines three validated but rarely combined technologies\u2014spherical tokamaks, high-temperature superconductors (HTS), and negative triangularity plasma shaping\u2014to produce smaller, faster, and more affordable reactors. The approach emphasizes delivering useful power to the grid by integrating design, materials, and cooling challenges from the start.\n\nCentral to the proposal is SMART, a small-aspect-ratio tokamak built in Seville to test negative triangularity plasmas and HTS coils. Experiments so far show reduced core fluctuations and broader divertor heat distribution, addressing key problems of compact designs: extreme divertor heat loads and limited central-stack space for shielding and tritium breeding. Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz argues that by advancing these technologies in parallel, a viable, industrial-scale fusion path is achievable sooner than commonly expected, positioning Spain as an emerging hub in fusion development. The report \u201cFusion Energy: A Revolution in Progress\u201d synthesizes these ideas and outlines five pillars to scale fusion as a climate and economic driver.","_oaas_audio_url":"https:\/\/www.fundacionbankinter.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/summary-26767-1788885403.mp3"},"categories":[204],"class_list":["post-26767","noticias","type-noticias","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-and-technology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fusion2Grid: The Most Compact Path to Fusion Energy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Spherical tokamaks, HTS superconductors, and negative triangularity: Manuel Garc\u00eda Mu\u00f1oz\u2019s Fusion2Grid strategy aims to accelerate the fusion energy race\u2014starting in Spain\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" 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